A perda de apetite no contexto do estado nutricional de idosos vivendo na comunidade / Appetite loss in the context of nutritional status in Community-dwelling older adults

Introdução: A anorexia do envelhecimento (AE) é considerada uma síndrome multicausal que desregula e reduz o consumo alimentar e aumenta o risco de desnutrição. O questionário Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) foi proposto para monitorar o apetite. Considerando a importância da anorexia e apetite como indicadores de desnutrição, a possibilidade do uso do SNAQ em serviços de saúde, para atendimento de pacientes idosos, pode ser uma estratégia importante na prevenção de agravos a saúde. Objetivos: 1-Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o questionário de rastreio de anorexia do envelhecimento SNAQ para português do Brasil; 2- Identificar a força das associações entre perda de apetite, fragilidade e fatores psicossociais em pessoas idosas; 3-Verificar a aplicabilidade clínica do critério GLIM (identificação de desnutrição proposto por Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) para pessoas idosas que vivem na comunidade, incluindo o SNAQ nesta avaliação. Métodos: a presente tese foi desenvolvida no formato de três artigos científicos. Artigo 1 (A1)- Versão em português do questionário SNAQ: tradução e adaptação cultural - desenvolvido em cinco etapas: tradução, retrotradução, avaliação semântica, compreensão de conteúdo, pré teste e desenvolvimento da versão final; Artigo 2 (A2)- Associação entre perda de apetite, fragilidade e fatores psicossociais em pessoas idosas da comunidade - análise transversal na coorte MiMiCS-FRAIL sediada em Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram testados modelos de associação entre a perda de apetite (variável dependente - SNAQ) e a fragilidade (FI-36), sintomas depressivos (GDS) e estado socioeconômico (proxies: etnia e escolaridade) utilizando modelos de regressão logística (simples e múltiplo); Artigo 3 (A3)- Aplicabilidade do critério GLIM em pessoas idosas da comunidade no Brasil: dados do estudo MiMiCS-FRAIL - utilizando uma amostra da mesma coorte do A2, foram desenvolvidas 21 combinações dos critérios fenotípicos (perda de peso não intencional-PP, baixo Índice de Massa Corpórea-IMC e massa muscular reduzida - circunferência de panturrilha-CP) e etiológicos (redução do consumo alimentar-SNAQ e carga de doença-Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson-ICC) para as análises de melhor combinação GLIM. Estas combinações do GLIM foram comparadas com a classificação da MAN completa ("semi-padrão ouro" para desnutrição). Para tal, foram analisadas curvas ROC. As melhores combinações, conforme sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) foram testadas em relação a associação a fragilidade (FI-36) e sarcopenia (SARC-F). Resultados principais: A1-A versão brasileira do SNAQ manteve o significado em relação a original, requerendo modificações como inclusão de outras opções em respostas e definição do significado de refeição; A2-Os modelos de regressão múltiplos indicaram associação significativa entre perda de apetite e as seguintes variáveis independentes: idade (OR=1,11; IC95%=1,03-1,20, p<0,01), ser de etnia não branca (OR=6,47; IC95%=1,63-25,58; p<0,01) e apresentar sintomas depressivos (OR=8,38; IC95%=2,31-30,47, p<0,01); A3-A melhor combinação para identificação da desnutrição foi o GLIM1 - IMC e SNAQ (AUC=0,98; IC95%=0,97-0,99; S=1,0; E=0,96), que identificou 4,2% de desnutrição nesta amostra. Em relação a fragilidade, o GLIM20 - CP, PP, SNAQ e ICC, teve significativamente o melhor valor de beta ajustado e menor IC (ß ajustado=0,050; s=0,01; p=0,01; IC95%=0,010-0,080). Não houve associação signficativas entre GLIM e sarcopenia. Conclusões: O questionário SNAQ - versão brasileira demonstra associações com outros quadros clínicos e psicossociais que inteferem na saúde de pessoas idosas; sua fácil aplicabilidade e baixo custo indicam a possibilidade de compor o diagnósticos de desnutrição por meio do critério GLIM na nossa amostra, composta por pessoas idosas que vivem independentemente.

Background: The Anorexia of aging (AA) is a multicausal syndrome that affects food intake and decreases food consumption, leading to increased risk of malnutrition. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) was developed to monitor appetite. Anorexia and and appetite loss are initial aspects of malnutrition. So, the possibility to use the SNAQ in healthcare services for older adults evaluation might be an important strategy to prevent health negative outcomes. Objectives: 1- To translate and culturally adapt the anorexia of aging questionnaire SNAQ for Brazilian Portuguese language; 2-To identify the association between appetite loss, frailty and psychosocial factors in a group of community-dweling older adults; 3-To verify the applicability of the GLIM criteria to identify malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults, including the SNAQ in this evaluation. Methods: this thesis was developed in a three scientific article format. Article 1 (A1) - Portuguese version of the SNAQ questionnaire: translation and cultural adaptation - developed in five steps: translation, backtranslation, semantic evaluation, comprehension of content; pre-test and the SNAQ final version development; Article 2 (A2) - The association between appetite loss, frailty and psychosocial factors in community-dwelling older adults - cross-sectional analysis from the MiMiCS-FRAIL cohort located in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil. Association models tested appetite loss (SNAQ - dependent variable) against frailty (FI-36), depressive symptoms (GDS) and socialeconomic variables (schooling and ethnicity as proxies) through logistic regression models (single and multiple); Article 3 (A3) - Applicability of GLIM criteria in community-dwelling older adults from Brazil: data from MiMiCS-FRAIL cohort - It were tested 21 GLIM combinations from phenotypic (unintentional weight loss-WL, low Body Mass Index-BMI and reduced muscle mass - calf circunference-CP) and etiological (reduced food intake-SNAQ and disease burden- Charlson Comorbidity Index-CCI) criteria for best GLIM combinations to this sample. Each combination was tested against a tool indicated as a "semi-gold standard" (the Mini-Nutritional Assessment- full form; MNA-FF). Therefore ROC curves were analysed; the best combinations, according to sensibility (SE) and specificity (SP), were tested in regression models to verify the association with frailty (FI-36) and sarcopenia (SARC-F). Main Results: A1 - SNAQ Portuguese version maintained the original meaning and referral; It was required some modifications as inclusion of other options to the answers of some questions and a meal definition; A2-The multiple regression models showed association between appetite loss and age (OR=1.11; 95%CI=1.03-1.20, p<0.01), being non-white (OR=6.47; 95%CI=1.63-25.58; p<0.01) and presence of depressive symptoms (OR=8.38; 95%CI=2.31-30.47, p<0.01); A3-GLIM1-BMI and SNAQ was the best combination for malnutrition (AUC=0.98; 95%CI=0.97-0.99; SE=1,0; SP=0.96) and identified 4.2% of malnutrition on this sample. For frailty, GLIM20 - CC, WL, SNAQ and CCI had the best adjusted beta and lowest CI (Adj. ß=0.050; SE=0.01; p=0.01; 95%CI=0.010-0.080). There was no significant association with sarcopenia. Conclusions: Portuguese version of the SNAQ questionnaire demonstrates association to other clinical and psychosocial aspects in older adults; its easy and low-cost applicability demonstrate the possibility to be included in GLIM criteria for malnutrition evaluation in our sample, which was composed by community-dwelling older adults.

Factors related to malnutrition and their association with frailty in community-dwelling older adults registered at a geriatric clinic.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that factors related to malnutrition, namely low muscle mass, appetite loss, and adiposity, are associated with frailty and pre-frailty in community-dwelling older adults. AIMS: To identify the prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty in a Brazilian convenience sample and test the association between these conditions and malnutrition-related factors. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of an ongoing community project. We studied 106 older adults (≥60 years old). Frailty (dependent variable) was screened using the FRAIL-BR scale. The independent variables were appetite loss (AL), screened from the SNAQ questionnaire; sarcopenia risk, investigated by SARC-F; body adiposity, estimated by the body mass index (BMI); visceral adiposity, estimated by waist circumference (WC) and the combination of these two indicators. The associations were investigated using multinomial logistic regression models. MAIN RESULTS: We found, from our sample, 30.2 % pre-frail and 31.1 % frail participants. The frail and pre-frail were older than the non-frail; the frail ones presented a higher proportion of sarcopenia risk and a higher proportion of AL. From the multiple regression models, frailty conditions showed significant association with the AL (OR = 0.68; p = 0.012 and OR = 0.64; p = 0.009 for pre-frail and frail, respectively) and with sarcopenia risk (OR = 3.24; p = 0.001 and OR = 5.34; p < 0.011 for pre-frail and frail respectively). The adiposity indicated by waist circumference, and age, remained in the final model only as adjusting variables but without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: in our convenience sample of older adults, frailty and pre-frailty showed significant association with appetite loss and sarcopenia risk, but not with adiposity indicators. Future studies are needed to better understand our findings.

The association between appetite loss, frailty, and psychosocial factors in community-dwelling older adults adults.

BACKGROUND: Appetite loss (AL) in older adults can reduce energy and nutrient intake, increasing the risk of weight loss, sarcopenia, frailty, and ultimately, mortality. The identification of associated factors to AL is important to plan different interventions. AIMS: To identify the association between appetite loss, frailty, and psychosocial factors in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the cohort study MiMiCS-FRAIL based in Jundiai City, São Paulo, Brazil. Patients 60+ years old were evaluated from January 2019 to August 2020. The AL (dependent variable) was evaluated through the SNAQ questionnaire; the independent variables were: frailty (identified by frailty index-36; FI-36) which is based on the accumulation of deficits; depressive symptoms (GDS scale); ethnicity, and years of formal schooling, both used as proxies of socioeconomic status. The associations were investigated using logistic regression models (crude and multiple). MAIN RESULTS: The final sample included 122 older adults, 58.2% of women, mean age of 71.7 years, 80.3% White, and low educational level (5.8 ± 4.3 years of formal schooling). We found 19.6% of the sample presenting AL. The final regression models showed independent and significant association between AL and age (OR = 1.11; 95%IC = 1.03-1.20; p < 0.01), being non-White (OR = 6.47; 95%IC = 1.63-25.58; p < 0.01), and presence of depressive symptoms (OR = 8.38; 95%IC = 2.31-30.47; p < 0.01). However, years of formal schooling, gender, and FI-36 remained statistically non-significant in the model. CONCLUSION: Our data pointed to the presence of depressive symptoms and social variables as significant factors associated with AL. Further studies with more robust samples or longitudinal design will clarify some unanswered questions of our study.

PORTUGUESE VERSION OF THE SNAQ QUESTIONNAIRE: TRANSLATION AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION.

BACKGROUND: Poor appetite is common through the aging process and increases the risk of weight loss, protein-energy malnutrition, immunossupression, sarcopenia and frailty. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) has the aim to monitor appetite and identify older adults at risk of weight loss. OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of translation and cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the SNAQ. METHODS: The translation and cultural adaptation was developed in five steps: translation (by three of the authors of the manuscript and assembled by consensus), backtranslation (by an English native speaker), semantic evaluation (by one verontologist and one nutritionist), comprehension of content (by nutrition specialists and by a group of older persons), pre-test and the SNAQ final version development. RESULTS: The SNAQ Portuguese version maintained the original version meaning and referral. To achieve this feature, the process required some modifications to improve the understanding of older persons, such as inclusion of other options to the answers of some questions, rewritten of one question and inclusion of a meal definition. CONCLUSION: SNAQ questionnaire has been successfully translated and adapted to Portuguese. As our next step, we are validating this tool in different clinical settings in Brazil.

Versão em português do questionário SNAQ: tradução e adaptação cultural / Portuguese version of the snaq questionnaire: translation and cultural adaptation

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Poor appetite is common through the aging process and increases the risk of weight loss, protein-energy malnutrition, immunossupression, sarcopenia and frailty. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) has the aim to monitor appetite and identify older adults at risk of weight loss. OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of translation and cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the SNAQ. METHODS: The translation and cultural adaptation was developed in five steps: translation (by three of the authors of the manuscript and assembled by consensus), backtranslation (by an English native speaker), semantic evaluation (by one verontologist and one nutritionist), comprehension of content (by nutrition specialists and by a group of older persons), pre-test and the SNAQ final version development. RESULTS: The SNAQ Portuguese version maintained the original version meaning and referral. To achieve this feature, the process required some modifications to improve the understanding of older persons, such as inclusion of other options to the answers of some questions, rewritten of one question and inclusion of a meal definition. CONCLUSION: SNAQ questionnaire has been successfully translated and adapted to Portuguese. As our next step, we are validating this tool in different clinical settings in Brazil.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A perda de apetite é comum durante o envelhecimento e aumenta o risco de perda de peso, desnutrição energético-proteica, imunossupressão, sarcopenia e fragilidade. O Simplified Nutritional Appetie Questionnaire (SNAQ) tem como objetivo monitorar o apetite e identificar idosos sob risco de perda de peso. OBJETIVO: Descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural para o português do Brasil o questionário SNAQ. MÉTODOS: A tradução e adaptação cultural foram realizadas em etapas: tradução (por três autores do manuscrito e grupo para consenso), retrotradução para versão original (por inglês nativo), avaliação semântica (gerontólogo e nutricionista), compreensão de conteúdo (por nutricionistas especialistas e por um grupo de idosos), pré teste e desenvolvimento da versão final. RESULTADOS: A versão em português do SNAQ manteve o significado da versão original. Para alcançar este resultado foram necessárias algumas modificações durante o processo para aperfeiçoar a compreensão dos idosos, como a inclusão de outras opções para respostas de algumas questões, revisão de escrita de uma das questões e inclusão de uma definição para o que é refeição. CONCLUSÃO: A tradução e adaptação cultural do questionário SNAQ foram bem sucedidas. A próxima etapa será a validação desta ferramenta em diferentes contextos clínicos no Brasil.